IntroductionTop

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV; genus Potexvirus; family Alphaflexiviridae) is an emerging virus causing devastating yield losses in tomato crops worldwide (Ling, 2007; Gómez et al., 2012a; Hanssen & Lapidot, 2012). PepMV was described for the first time infecting pepino in Peru (Jones et al., 1980), but first infection of tomato was detected in the main tomato growing areas in the Netherlands and Great Britain (Wright & Mumford, 1999; van der Vlugt, 2000) in the late 1990s. Thereafter, the virus has spread rapidly in the tomato crops and was discovered in many countries in Europe, Asia, and North America (Mumford & Metcalfe, 2001; French et al., 2001; Aguilar et al., 2002; Cotillon et al., 2002; Ling, 2007; Hanssen & Thomma, 2010; Gómez et al., 2012a,b). PepMV is currently included in the European Plant Protection Organization A2 list (EPPO, 2016) as the causative agent of an important disease in protected tomato crops, resulting in huge yield and market value losses (Spence et al., 2006).

PepMV has flexuous rod-like particles about 500 nm, that contain a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of about 6.4 kb, flanked by 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) with 5’ cap and a 3’ poly(A) tail. Virus genome consists of five open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encoding replication-associated proteins, including the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); ORF2-ORF4 encoding the triple gene block (TGB) proteins TGB1, TGB2 and TGB3 involved in virus movement; and the ORF5 encoding the coat protein (CP) (Mumford & Metcalfe, 2001; Aguilar et al., 2002; Pagán et al., 2006). Based on the sequence analysis and biological characteristics, five different PepMV strains have been recognized so far: LP (the original Peruvian strain), EU (European strain), US1 (American strain), CH2 (Chilean strain), and PES (the new Peruvian strain infecting wild tomatoes) (Hanssen & Thomma, 2010; Moreno-Pérez et al., 2014; Agüero et al., 2018). Moreover, mixed infections with different strains, as well as recombination among them were also detected (Pagán et al., 2006; Hanssen et al., 2008; Pospieszny et al., 2008; Hasiów-Jaroszewska et al., 2010b). EU and CH2 are the most common in Europe, but currently isolates belonging to CH2 strain have spread rapidly and become predominant (Hanssen et al., 2008; Gómez et al., 2009, 2012b). PepMV efficiently spreads mechanically from plant to plant, while long distance spread of the virus is through contaminated seeds or infected transplants (Córdoba-Sellés et al., 2007; Hanssen et al., 2010).

Despite the fact that PepMV has expanded rapidly in Europe in recent years and has become a major pathogen of tomato production in Mediterranean basin (Gómez et al., 2012a; Hanssen & Lapidot, 2012), the presence of the virus has not yet been recorded in Serbia (Nikolic, 2018; Nikolic et al., 2018). This paper describes the first finding of PepMV in Serbia and provides information on partial molecular characterization of the isolates.

Material and methodsTop

Results and discussionTop

Symptoms in the field and PepMV detection using DAS-ELISA

During the visual inspection of open-field and protected tomato crops in 2019, symptoms resembling those caused by PepMV were observed in two ‘Runner’ tomato crops grown in plastic tunnels in the Bogojevce locality. Tomato plants showed irregular chlorotic or light yellow lesions which enlarged and coalesced and were accompanied with necrosis and scorching of infected leaves. Disease symptom incidence was estimated at 80%. Serological analysis revealed the presence of PepMV in all 15 tested tomato samples. All samples were negative for the presence of CMV, PVY, TSWV, AMV, TMV, ToMV, and TYLCV. PepMV induces a wide range of symptoms, depending on the tomato cultivar, virus strain, and environmental conditions including light and temperature (Spence et al., 2006; Hanssen & Thomma, 2010). The most common leaf symptoms consist of yellow angular spots, mosaic, scorching, and deformation of infected leaves (Hanssen & Thomma, 2010). Some of these symptoms were observed at the Bogojevce locality, but the typical PepMV symptom in the form of fruit discoloration, labeled as marbling (Mumford & Metcalfe, 2001; Spence et al., 2006; Hanssen et al., 2008) was less frequently noticed and recorded only on a small number of fruits (Figs. 1a, 1b, and 1c).

Mechanical transmission

PepMV isolates from three randomly selected symptomatic samples were successfully mechanically transmitted onto the tomato ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings. After 15 days, all inoculated plants had developed characteristic PepMV symptoms (Hanssen & Thomma, 2010) including yellow spots (Fig. 1d) and light-dark green leaf mosaic, bubbling, and curled leaves. Test plants were analyzed using DAS-ELISA and all inoculated plants tested positive for PepMV.

Molecular detection and phylogeny

The presence of PepMV in tomato plants was further confirmed by RT-PCR. Gel electrophoresis detected a single band of the 844 bp in all ELISA-positive samples. No amplification products were recorded in negative controls. The RT-PCR products obtained from three selected isolates, 192-19, 193-19-2, and 193-19-3, were successfully sequenced and submitted to the GenBank (MN656186, MN656187, and MN656188, respectively). Direct sequencing of amplified products generated high-quality sequences data which were successfully used for the sequence analyses. Multiple sequence alignment of the CP gene showed that the Serbian PepMV isolates were completely identical among themselves (100% nucleotide and amino acid identity) and shared the highest nucleotide identity of 95.1% (99.2% aa identity) with the Spanish isolate (FJ263341) originating from tomato.

The sequences of the Serbian PepMV isolates were aligned with 44 CP sequences retrived from GenBank, wich represent the five known strains of PepMV and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum-likelihood method. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were clustered into five groups (EU, LP, US1, CH2 and PES) (Fig. 2) as determined by previous reports (Pospieszny et al., 2008; Gómez et al., 2012b; Moreno-Pérez et al., 2014; Gómez-Aix et al., 2019). Genetic diversity among the five strains ranged from 0.032±0.006 to 0.217±0.014, while diversity within each strain was: 0.000±0.000 (LP), 0.006±0.001 (EU), 0.001±0.001 (PES), 0.007±0.002 (US1), and 0.017±0.002 (CH2). The level of genetic diversity among five strains was high enough in relation to the diversity within each strain supporting obvious phylogenetic split among PepMV strains. The Serbian PepMV isolates fell into CH2 group and a close phylogentic relationship among them may suggest their common origin. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that Serbian PepMV isolates formed separate subgroup within CH2 strain with high bootstrap support of 100% and genetic divergence of 0.053±0.008 from the other isolates of this group. Similarly, Alcaide et al. (2020) revealed two separate clades within CH2 strain found in Spain. For further insights into genetic diversity of Serbian PepMV isolates, more detailed molecular characterization of other genomic regions are needed. Isolates of the EU and CH2 strains are common in Europe (Pagán et al., 2006; Hanssen et al., 2008; Gómez et al., 2009; Davino et al., 2017), but isolates highly similar to those from PES as well as recombinant isolates between CH2 and EU were also detected in Spain (Pagán et al., 2006). EU isolates initially spread in European tomato crops, while CH2 isolates spread epidemically later on, becoming predominant in many tomato growing areas (Hanssen et al., 2008; Ling et al., 2008; Gómez et al., 2009; Hasiów-Jaroszewska et al., 2010a; Gómez et al., 2012b). Moreover, in recent years the spread of CH2 isolates has also been reported in new regions, including Greece (Efthimiou et al., 2011), Italy (Tiberini et al., 2011), South Africa (Carmichael et al., 2011), Cyprus (Papayiannis et al., 2012), and Lithuania (Zizyte et al., 2013). This situation is comprehensible given that Hanssen et al. (2008) have proven that CH2 isolates spread more rapidly within tomato crop than EU isolates.

To our best knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Serbia. Tomato is an important and traditionally grown vegetable crop in Serbia and the presence of PepMV could represent an important constraint to its production since no resistant varieties are available. Phytosanitary measures were taken to eradicate the outbreak, but more detailed surveys should be carried out in order to prevent the potential spread of the virus in the area.

Table 1. Accession numbers and genotypes of Pepino mosaic virus isolates used in the phylogenetic analysis

Figure 1. Symptoms of PepMV infection on tomato plants: (a) yellow mosaic; (b) necrosis and leaf decay; (c) fruit discoloration (marbling); (d) yellow spots on leaves after artificial inoculation.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene generated using Maximum-likelihood method by MEGAX and bootstrap values on the branches represent the percentages out of 1000 bootstrap replicates program. The Serbian isolates are bolded and underlined.