Characterization and assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of Algerian propolis against American foulbrood and Nosema disease in honeybee
Abstract
Aim of study: Like all insects, honeybees (Apis mellifera) are vulnerable to infectious diseases. American foulbrood and nosemosis are among the most widespread diseases affecting this species worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of propolis from different beehives in Algerian apiaries against these major honeybee diseases. Area of study: Propolis harvesting was conducted in three regions of M’sila province in Algeria: Bousaada, Ouled Madhi, and Maadid. Material and methods: The chemical characterization of Algerian propolis was performed by HPLC-DAD, a simple and highly effective technique for the identification of polyphenolic compounds. Paenibacillus larvae was isolated from hives showing clinical signs of infection. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Algerian propolis was assessed according to the Mueller-Hinton disc diffusion method, using the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OT) as a positive control. Screening of infected individuals for Nosema spp. was conducted and infection intensity was determined by spore quantification. Main results: HPLC-DAD analysis of propolis revealed the presence of 13 phytochemical compounds, suggesting a high chemical quality. All tested ethanolic propolis extracts have shown a notable inhibitory activity against diseases affecting Apis mellifera. Concerning the antagonistic activity against Paenobacillus larvae, we found that the propolis extract from the Bousaada region (EEP3) showed the largest inhibition zones (45.05±3.40 mm) followed by extracts from Ouled Madhi (EEP1; 32.05±7.30 mm) and Maadid (EEP2; 22.16±8.51 mm). Moreover, propolis treatment resulted in a clear reduction on the activity of Nosema spp. spore counts, indicating its potential effectiveness against nosemosis. Research highlights: The study highlights the chemical composition of propolis and its potential benefits for bee health, aiming to exploit it in natural pest management strategies in apiculture.
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