Valoración ambiental de medicamentos veterinarios en suelos agrícolas utilizando sistemas multi-especies (MS·3): la ivermectina como caso de estudio
Resumen
La evaluación del riesgo ambiental de la ivermectina recibe atención. Este trabajo considera la capacidad de microcosmos
terrestres (MS·3) para evaluar el impacto de medicamentos veterinarios, utilizando ivermectina como modelo. Se realizaron experimentos en MS·3 con dos suelos europeos, uno de una zona agrícola cercana a Madrid, España y otro de una explotación cerca de York, UK. Los suelos fueron fortificados con ivermectina considerando rangos
de 0,01 a 10 mg kg–1 con suelo de Madrid y de 0,1 a 100 mg kg–1 con suelo de York. En el MS·3 de Madrid se evaluaron
los efectos sobre lombrices, plantas y microorganismos. En los lixiviados, se ensayó la toxicidad en organismos acuáticos (algas, invertebrados y ensayos in vitro, con líneas celulares de peces RTL-W1). Las lombrices y las plantas no mostraron efecto a las concentraciones consideradas; sí se observó reducción en la tasa de respiración (< 5%) de microorganismos. Los factores de bioconcentración en lombriz disminuían conforme aumentaba la concentración de ivermectina en suelo y éstos fueron mayores en lombrices expuestas al suelo de York. Hubo efectos sobre daphnidos
expuestos a lixiviados; basado en los niveles de ivermectina medidos en lixiviados, se estimó una EC50 de 0,5μg L–1. La comparación entre datos de toxicidad y métodos de equilibrio de partición confirma que el principal riesgo de la ivermectina debe esperarse en daphnias debido a la alta sensibilidad de cladóceros. Los resultados confirman que los MS·3 pueden considerarse una herramienta útil para la evaluación de impacto ambiental de medicamentos veterinarios en suelos agrícolas, como ya se demostró previamente con antimicrobianos.
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