La influencia de la diarrea y la neumonía en las becerras sobre el crecimiento previo al destete y el rendimiento reproductivo de novillas Holstein
Calfhood diseases and fertility in Holstein heifers
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Determinar el efecto de la diarrea y neumonía sobre el aumento de peso antes del destete y el posterior desempeño reproductivo de novillas Holstein en un ambiente caluroso.
Sitio de estudio: Zona árida con intenso calor del norte de México (25 °N).
Material y métodos: En este estudio se incluyeron 7,809 becerros de un único hato lechero comercial grande. Se registraron los pesos de los becerros al nacer y al destete, y se registró el desempeño reproductivo subsiguiente de estos animales.
Principales resultados: La ganancia diaria de peso previo al destete en los becerros que padecieron diarrea (573 ± 12 g/d), neumonía (557 ± 12 g/d) y comorbilidad de estas enfermedades (520 ± 13 g/d) fueron menores (p<0.05) que los becerros sanos (594 ± 11 g/d). Las novillas sin diarrea ni neumonía durante el período previo al destete concibieron 25 días antes (p<0.05) que las compañeras de rebaño que padecieron diarrea comórbida con neumonía y requirieron 0.4 menos (p<0.05) inseminaciones por gestación. La tasa de preñez de novillas sanas durante el período previo al destete fue mayor (93.6%; p<0.05) que las de sus compañeras de hato que experimentaron diarrea (89.2%), neumonía (89.8%) o ambas enfermedades (87.2%). Los becerros con ≤ 36 kg al nacer fueron más susceptibles (p<0.05) a la diarrea (incidencia 13.3%) que los becerros ≥ 40 kg (incidencia 11.6%).
Aspectos destacados de la investigación: Estos resultados resaltan la importante influencia negativa de la diarrea y la neumonía en el aumento de peso antes del destete y el posterior desempeño reproductivo. Además, se demostró que la diarrea está relacionada con el bajo peso corporal de las becerras al parto.
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