Evaluación de cultivares de cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.) desarrollados en Europa en respuesta a diferentes regímenes hídricos
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Evaluar el efecto del déficit hídrico en el crecimiento y rendimiento de cultivares de cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.) bajo condiciones semiáridas mediterráneas.
Área de estudio: Sur de Grecia, Atenas.
Material y métodos: Se aplicaron tres regímenes de riego diferentes (bien regado; IRR100, estrés hídrico moderado; IRR75 y estrés hídrico severo; IRR50) para determinar su efecto en el crecimiento, el rendimiento de semillas y cannabidiol (CBD), así como en la productividad hídrica de cinco cultivares de cáñamo mediante un experimento de campo de tres años.
Resultados principales: El déficit hídrico (IRR50) redujo la altura de la planta en un 38.7%, 15.8% y 18.7%, y la biomasa aérea en un 71.9%, 74.6% y 27.7% durante los años 2019, 2020 y 2021, respectivamente, en comparación con IRR100. El tratamiento IRR50 disminuyó la longitud de la inflorescencia, el peso de semillas por inflorescencia y el rendimiento de semillas en un 19%, 27.6% y 29.9%, respectivamente. Cannabis sativa ʻFedora 17ʼ presentó las inflorescencias más largas y con mayor cantidad de semillas, con valores medios entre 35.1 cm y 36.8 cm, y entre 223 y 247 semillas por inflorescencia en todas las temporadas de cultivo. Con el aumento del estrés hídrico a IRR50, la concentración de ácido cannabidiólico se triplicó, y las concentraciones de CBD y cannabidiol total (CBD total) casi se duplicaron, registrándose el mayor rendimiento de CBD total en Cannabis sativa ʻFerimonʼ. Todos los cultivares mostraron sensibilidad al déficit hídrico, reduciendo su productividad hídrica y los valores del Índice de Diferencia Normalizada de Vegetación. Cannabis sativa ʻFutura 75ʼ registró la mayor productividad hídrica en todos los regímenes de riego.
Aspectos destacados de la investigación: El estrés hídrico (IRR50) limitó la biomasa y el rendimiento de semillas de cáñamo, mientras que aumentó la producción de CBD en las inflorescencias. El cultivar ʻFutura 75ʼ es el más adecuado para la producción de biomasa, el cultivar ʻFerimonʼ para la producción de CBD, y el cultivar ʻFedora 17ʼ para la producción dual de biomasa y semillas.
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