Rendimiento y atributos de calidad de fruto en cultivares de manzano bajo condiciones semiáridas de Turquía: comparación de sistemas de producción orgánica y convencional
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el rendimiento y las características de calidad de fruto de seis cultivares de manzano cultivados bajo manejo orgánico y convencional en las condiciones ecológicas semiáridas de Anatolia Central, Turquía.
Área de estudio: La investigación se llevó a cabo en huertos de manzano orgánicos y convencionales localizados en Konya, Turquía.
Material y métodos: En 2002 se establecieron huertos con seis cultivares de manzano injertados sobre diferentes portainjertos. ‘Buckeye Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’ y ‘Jeromine’ se injertaron en portainjerto M9 y se plantaron con un marco de 0,80 m × 3,2 m, mientras que ‘Red Chief’ y ‘Scarlet Spur’ se injertaron en portainjerto MM106 y se plantaron con un marco de 1,0 m × 3,2 m. Las características del rendimiento y de la calidad del fruto se evaluaron durante dos campañas consecutivas (2019/2020 y 2020/2021).
Resultados principales: Los sistemas de manejo orgánico y convencional mostraron efectos dependientes del cultivar sobre el rendimiento y la calidad del fruto. El rendimiento por árbol y por hectárea fue superior en los cultivares ‘Jeromine’, ‘Red Chief’ y ‘Scarlet Spur’ bajo manejo orgánico, mientras que los cultivares ‘Buckeye Gala’, ‘Granny Smith’ y ‘Golden Delicious’ mostraron mayores rendimientos en manejo convencional. Los cultivares ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Chief’, ‘Scarlet Spur’ y ‘Jeromine’ presentaron frutos de mayor tamaño en el sistema orgánico. Los valores más altos de sólidos solubles totales (SST) y acidez titulable (excepto en ‘Granny Smith’ y ‘Golden Delicious’) se observaron en producción orgánica. Asimismo, la coloración de la epidermis fue más intensa en el sistema orgánico: ‘Jeromine’, ‘Red Chief’ y ‘Scarlet Spur’ mostraron tonos rojos más marcados, mientras que ‘Granny Smith’ presentó un color verde más intenso en comparación con el sistema convencional.
Aspectos destacados de la investigación: Los cultivares ‘Jeromine’, ‘Red Chief’ y ‘Scarlet Spur’ demostraron ser altamente adecuados para la producción orgánica de manzano en las condiciones semiáridas de Anatolia Central, Turquía.
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