Los lodos de depuradora afectan la productividad del pasto y la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno en un experimento de campo en praderas
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Este estudio busca evaluar el uso de diferentes dosis de lodo de depuradora, combinadas o no con diferentes fertilizantes inorgánicos (N y K), en la producción de pastos, la eficiencia en el uso de nitrógeno a través del índice CRE (del inglés Crop Recovery Efficiency) y los parámetros químicos del suelo.
Área de estudio: Noroeste de la península ibérica.
Materiales y métodos: Se establecieron un total de 88 unidades experimentales (4 x 2 m²) que incluyeron 11 tratamientos de fertilización: dos controles (sin fertilización y fertilización mineral tradicional con 500 kg ha–¹ de 8:24:16 (N:P2O5:K2O)), lodo de depuradora (SS) en tres dosis diferentes de N (40, 80 y 120 kg N ha-1) y combinaciones con fertilización con K y NK. Se recopilaron datos sobre la productividad de los pastos, la eficiencia agronómica (AE) en el uso del nitrógeno, y la eficiencia en el uso de nitrógeno (CRE) durante cuatro años, y las propiedades del suelo durante tres años.
Resultados principales: El lodo de depuradora aumentó significativamente los rendimientos de pasto, con un aumento máximo (7 t ha-1) utilizando SS120_NK, mientras que los fertilizantes minerales produjeron incrementos menores, sin superar las 2 t ha-1. En general, la dosis intermedia de SS (80 kg N ha-1) fue la más efectiva. La AE disminuyó a medida que aumentaban las dosis de SS, y la adición de fertilizantes NK redujo aún más la AE, especialmente en el tercer año (reducción del 36% en SS80 al 18% en SS80_NK). Tanto el fertilizante mineral como el tratamiento SS120_NK mostraron una NUE por debajo del 50%, lo que indica un riesgo de contaminación por N. En los otros tratamientos, la CRE evolucionó con el tiempo: durante el primer año, la mayoría de los tratamientos se encontraban en la zona de riesgo de contaminación, mientras que después de cuatro años, solo el tratamiento SS120_NK mostró riesgo de lixiviación.
Aspectos destacados de la investigación: Aunque los tratamientos con lodo de depuradora mejoraron la producción de pastos, las dosis más altas y la combinación con fertilizantes NK redujeron la eficiencia del N, indicando un riesgo potencial de contaminación por N, lo que subraya la necesidad de equilibrar las estrategias de fertilización.
Descargas
Citas
Antoniadis V, Koutroubas SD, Fotiadis S, 2015. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Availability in Manure- and Sewage Sludge–Applied Soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46(3):393–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.983241
Baligar VC, Fageria NK, He ZL, 2007. Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32(7–8):921–950. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-100104098
Bansal S, Sheley RL, Blank B, Vasquez EA, 2014. Plant litter effects on soil nutrient availability and vegetation dynamics: changes that occur when annual grasses invade shrub-steppe communities. Plant Ecol 215(3):367–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0307-1
Bastidas M, Vázquez E, Villegas DM, Rao IM, Gutierrez JF, Vivas-Quila NJ, Amado M, Berdugo C, Arango J, 2024. Optimizing nitrogen use efficiency of six forage grasses to reduce nitrogen loss from intensification of tropical pastures. Agric Ecosyst Environ 367:108970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.108970
Binder DL, Dobermann A, Sander DH, Cassman KG, 2002. Biosolids as nitrogen source for irrigated maize and rainfed sorghum. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66(2):531–543. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.5310
Castro P, González A, Prada D, 1990. Determinación simultánea de nitrógeno y fósforo en muestras de pradera. Actas de la XXX Reunión Científica de la SEEP.
Cellier A, Gauquelin T, Baldy V, Ballini C, 2014. Effect of organic amendment on soil fertility and plant nutrients in a post-fire Mediterranean ecosystem. Plant Soil 376(1/2):211–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1969-5
Council of European Communities, 1986. Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. Official Journal of the European Communities.
Crème A, Rumpel C, Gastal F, de la Luz Mora Gil M, Chabbi A, 2016. Effects of grasses and a legume grown in monoculture or mixture on soil organic matter and phosphorus forms. Plant Soil 402(1):117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2740-x
Diacono M, Montemurro F, 2010. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agron Sustainable Dev 30:401–422. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009040
Duncan EG, O’Sullivan CA, Roper MM, Palta J, Whisson K, Peoples MB, 2018. Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium interactions. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 181(3):364–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700376
Chen Y, Camps-Arbestain M, Shen Q, Singh B, Cayuela ML, 2018. The Long-Term Role of Organic Amendments in Building Soil Nutrient Fertility: A Meta-Analysis and Review. Nutr Cycling Agroecosyst 111:103–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9903-5
Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Official Journal of the European Communities (1999).
EEC Council, 1991. Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC). Official Journal of the European Communities.
Elbl J, Šimečková J, Škarpa P, Kintl A, Brtnický M, Vaverková MD, 2020. Comparison of the agricultural use of products from organic waste processing with conventional mineral fertiliser: Potential effects on mineral nitrogen leaching and soil quality. Agronomy 10(2):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020226
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2015. Environmental Protection Agency. Design criteria for sludge application on land.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. Land application of sewage sludge. A guide for land-appliers on the requirements of the federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge, 40 CFR Part 503.
European Commission, 2020. Circular Economy Action Plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe.
European Environmental Agency (EEA), 2021. Waste generation and decoupling in Europe.
Faithfull NT, 2002. Methods in agricultural chemical analysis. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
Fernández-Araújo L, 2008. Efecto da aplicación de lodos de depuradora urbana sobre os parámetros edáficos e a calidade e produción de pasto. Bachelor’s Thesis. Escola Politécnica Superior de Lugo. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Nair VD, Freese D, 2016. Phosphorous dynamics in poplar silvopastoral systems fertilised with sewage sludge. Agric Ecosyst Environ 223:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.022
Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, 2011. Response to sewage sludge fertilisation in a Quercus rubra L. silvopastoral system: Soil, plant biodiversity and tree and pasture production. Agric Ecosyst Environ 141(1–2):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.009
Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, 2021. Fertilisation with biosolids in a silvopastoral system established with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in Galicia (NW Spain). Agrofor Syst 95:881–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0291-x
Geng Y, Cao G, Wang L, Wang S, 2019. Effects of equal chemical fertiliser substitutions with organic manure on yield, dry matter, and nitrogen uptake of spring maize and soil nitrogen distribution. PLoS One 14(7):e0219512. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219512
Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, 2003. Posibilidades del pastoreo en Galicia. Seminario de la Asociación Española de Economía Agraria. El Sector Lácteo Español: Transformaciones Recientes y Retos Futuros. Facultad de Veterinaria.
Guardia G, Garcia-Gutierrez S, 2021. Increasing N use efficiency while decreasing gaseous N losses in a non-tilled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop using a double inhibitor. Agric Ecosyst Environ 319:107546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107546
Huang PM, Li Y, Sumner ME, 2011. Handbook of soil sciences: resource management and environmental impacts. CRC Press.
Kominko H, Gorazda K, Wzorek Z, 2022. Effect of sewage sludge-based fertilisers on biomass growth and heavy metal accumulation in plants. J Environ Manage 305:114417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114417
Koutroubas SD, Antoniadis V, Damalas CA, Fotiadis S, 2020. Sewage Sludge Influences Nitrogen Uptake, Translocation, and Use Efficiency in Sunflower. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20(4):1912–1922. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42729-020-00262-6/FIGURES/3
Koutroubas SD, Antoniadis V, Fotiadis S, Damalas CA, 2014. Growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of Mediterranean wheat in soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. Nutr Cycling Agroecosyst 100(2):227–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10705-014-9641-X/FIGURES/8
Koutroubas SD, Antoniadis V, Damalas CA, Fotiadis S, 2023. Municipal Sewage Sludge Effects on Maize Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Soil Properties. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23:1209–1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01115-0
Kowalenko CG, 2001. Assessment of Leco CNS-2000 analyzer for simultaneously measuring total carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur in soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32(13–14):2065–2078. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120000269
Liu Z, Rong Q, Zhou W, Liang G, 2017. Effects of inorganic and organic amendment on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community and soil quality in yellow clayey soil. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0172767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172767
López-Díaz ML, Mosquera-Losada MR, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, 2007. Lime, sewage sludge and mineral fertilisation in a silvopastoral system developed in very acid soils. Agroforestry Syst 70(1):91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9046-9
Masunga RH, Uzokwe VN, Mlay PD, Odeh I, Singh A, Buchan D, De Neve S, 2016. Nitrogen mineralization dynamics of different valuable organic amendments commonly used in agriculture. Appl Soil Ecol 101:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.01.006
Monterroso C, Alvarez E, Fernandez-Marcos M, 1999. Evaluation of Mehlich 3 reagent as a multielement extractant in mine soils. Land Degrad Dev 10:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199901/02)10:1<35::AID-LDR319>3.0.CO;2-6
Mosquera-Losada MR, Amador-García A, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Ferreiro-Domínguez N, 2019. Circular economy: Using lime stabilized bio-waste based fertilisers to improve soil fertility in acidic grasslands. Catena 179:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.04.008
Mosquera-Losada MR, González-Rodríguez A, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, 1999. Ecología y manejo de praderas (Ecology and Management of Grasslands). Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Mosquera-Losada MR, Morán-Zuloaga D, Rigueiro-Rodriguez A, 2011. Effects of lime and sewage sludge on soil, pasture production, and tree growth in a six-year-old Populus canadensis Moench silvopastoral system. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 174(1):145–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200900231
Mosquera-Losada R, González-Rodríguez A, 1999. Pasture production in Northern Spain dairy systems. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 42(2):125–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1999.9513362
National Research Council, 1996. Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/5175
Palm CA, Myers RJ, Nandwa SM, 1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. Replenishing soil fertility in Africa 51:193–217. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub51.c8
Paterson E, Sim A, 2013. Soil-specific response functions of organic matter mineralization to the availability of labile carbon. Global Change Biol 19:1562–1571. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12140
Pembleton KG, Rawnsley RP, Burkitt LL, 2013. Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates for temperate dairy pastures. Eur J Agron 45:132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.09.006
Peyraud JL, Astigarraga L, Faverdin P, 1997. Digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass fertilized at two levels of nitrogen by lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 64(2–4):155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01056-5
Prins W, 1983. Limits to nitrogen fertiliser on grassland. https://search.proquest.com/openview/89ce6af0d9318b53b8d95eacf5a6240f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Quemada M, Lassaletta L, Jensen LS, Godinot O, Brentrup F, Buckley C, Foray S, Hvid SK, Oenema J, Richards KG, Oenema O, 2020. Exploring nitrogen indicators of farm performance among farm types across several European case studies. Agric Syst 177:102689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102689
R Core Team, 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Mosquera-Losada MR, 2010. The effects of fertilisation with anaerobic, composted and pelletized sewage sludge on soil, tree growth, pasture production and biodiversity in a silvopastoral system under ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Grass Forage Sci 65(2):248–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00743.x
Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, Ferreiro-Domínguez N, 2021. Use of sewage sludge in silvopastoral systems under Pinus radiata D. Don: soil, tree growth, and pasture production. Agrofor Syst 95:867–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0293-8
Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, Gatica-Trabanini E, 2000. Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilisers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain. Agrofor Syst 48(3):245–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006233204645
Simões-Mota A, Barré P, Baudin F, Poch RM, Bruni E, Anton R, Enrique A, Virto I, 2024. Effects of long-term sewage sludge addition to a calcareous soil on soil organic C fractions and soil functions. Geoderma 445:116868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116868
Singh RP, Agrawal M, 2007. Effects of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal accumulation and consequent responses of Beta vulgaris plants. Chemosphere 67(11):2229–2240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.019
Singh RP, Agrawal M, 2008. Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Manage 28(2):347–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010
Smith SR, 1995. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the environment. CAB International.
Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM, 1979. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies in Ecology. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Tamagno S, Maaz TM, van Kessel C, Linquist BA, et al., 2024. Critical assessment of nitrogen use efficiency indicators: Bridging new and old paradigms to improve sustainable nitrogen management. Eur J Agron 159:127231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127231
Tang Q, Cotton A, Wei Z, Xia Y, Daniell T, Yan X, 2022. How does partial substitution of chemical fertiliser with organic forms increase sustainability of agricultural production? Sci Total Environ 803:149933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149933
Thomas GW, 1970. Soil and Climatic Factors Which Affect Nutrient Mobility. In: Nutrient Mobility in Soils: Accumulation and Losses (pp. 1–20). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub4.c1
Vanlauwe B, Hungria M, Kanampiu F, Giller KE, 2019. The role of legumes in the sustainable intensification of African smallholder agriculture: Lessons learnt and challenges for the future. Agric Ecosyst Environ 284:106583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106583
Wang C, Kuzyakov Y, 2024. Soil organic matter priming: The pH effects. Global Change Biol 30:e17349. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17349
Warman PR, Termeer WC, 2005. Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: yields and N, P and K content of crops and soils. Bioresour Technol 96(8):955–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.08.003
Xunta de Galicia, 2014. Guía de Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, Ganaderas y Forestales (Spain).
Derechos de autor 2025 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
© CSIC. Los originales publicados en las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son propiedad del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.
Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY 4.0). Consulte la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
No se autoriza el depósito en repositorios, páginas web personales o similares de cualquier otra versión distinta a la publicada por el editor.
##plugins.generic.funding.fundingData##
-
Xunta de Galicia
##plugins.generic.funding.funderGrants## Consolidation funds -
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
##plugins.generic.funding.funderGrants## “Juan de la Cierva-formación” fellowship (ref: FJCI-2017-32852) -
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
##plugins.generic.funding.funderGrants## “Ramón y Cajal” fellowship (ref: RyC 2021-033370-I)
