Efecto inmunoestimulante de la suplementación con nucleótidos en el camarón Penaeus vannamei expuesto a la bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: La vibriosis y otras infecciones bacterianas representan un desafío significativo para la producción de camarón blanco del Pacífico (Penaeus vannamei). Este estudio evaluó el efecto inmunoestimulante de la suplementación con nucleótidos sobre parámetros hematoinmunológicos, la morfología de las glándulas digestivas, el recuento presuntivo de Vibrio y la supervivencia de Penaeus vannamei expuesto a Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Área de estudio: Nutrición y gestión sanitaria en acuicultura, con especial atención a la mitigación de la enfermedad bacteriana (vibriosis) en camarón blanco del Pacífico de cultivo.
Material y métodos: Se evaluaron tres niveles de suplementación con nucleótidos: NT75 (75 mg/kg), NT150 (150 mg/kg) y NT300 (300 mg/kg), junto con un grupo control (C). Después de 60 días de alimentación con las dietas experimentales, los camarones fueron sometidos a un desafío mediante inmersión en una suspensión bacteriana de Vibrio parahaemolyticus (106 UFC mL-1) durante 30 días. Se monitorizaron la mortalidad y los signos clínicos, y se analizaron parámetros hematoinmunológicos, histológicos y bacteriológicos.
Resultados principales: Los tratamientos suplementados con nucleótidos mostraron un mejor rendimiento del crecimiento y una reducción de la mortalidad previa al desafío. Tras el desafío bacteriano, todos los tratamientos mostraron un cambio agudo, aunque no significativo, en los recuentos totales y diferenciales de hemocitos. Sin embargo, el análisis histológico de la glándula digestiva reveló lesiones graves, incluyendo deformidades tubulares y necrosis, en todos los grupos de tratamiento. En los días 5 y 15, se observaron diferencias significativas en los recuentos de Vibrio sp. dentro de la glándula digestiva. Específicamente, se observaron diferencias entre el Control (C) y el NT75, y entre el NT75 y el NT300, lo que indica una colonización bacteriana variable a lo largo del tiempo.
Aspectos destacados de la investigación: Niveles más altos de suplementación con nucleótidos mejoraron el rendimiento del camarón, redujeron la mortalidad previa al desafío y potenciaron la respuesta inmunitaria aguda tras un desafío bacteriano, lo que sugiere su utilidad como inmunoestimulante eficaz contra la vibriosis.
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