The effect of grafting on the antioxidant properties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Abstract
The use of grafted plants in vegetable crop production is now being expanded greatly. However, few data are available on the nutritional composition of grafted vegetables with emphasis on antioxidant properties. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant components of tomatoes influenced by grafting technique. The tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse located at Kriz˘evci, Croatia. The cultivars ‘Efialto’, ‘Heman’, and ‘Maxifort’ were used as rootstocks, while ‘Tamaris’ was used as scion. Grafting resulted in increase of number of marketable fruits per plant by 30%. Content of total vitamin C and total phenolics significantly decreased after grafting. The concentration of total extractable phenolics in tomatoes ranged from 287.1 to 977.4 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) kg–1 fresh weight, whereas lycopene content ranged from 11.44 to 60.99 mg kg–1 fresh weight. Antioxidant activities determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method of grafts were significantly different compared to their respective rootstocks. The overall results showed that tomato grafting on suitable rootstocks has positive effects on the cultivation performance, but decreases nutritional quality of tomatoes.
Downloads
References
Abushita A.A., Daood H.G., Biacs P.A., 2000. Changes in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors. J Agr Food Chem 48, 2075-2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf990715p PMid:10888501
Arrigoni O., 1994. Ascorbate system in plant development. J Bioenerg Biomembr 26, 407-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762782 PMid:7844116
Benderitter M., Maupoil V., Vergely C., Dalloz F., Briot F., Rochette L., 1998. Studies by electron paramagnetic resonance of the importance of iron in the hydroxyl scavenging properties of ascorbic acid in plasma:effects of iron chelators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 12, 510-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1998.tb00979.x PMid:9794148
Brandt S., Pék Z., Barna E., Lugasi A., Helyes L., 2006. Lycopene content and colour of ripening tomatoes as affected by environmental conditions. J Sci Food Agr 86, 568-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2390
Cano A., Acosta M., Arnao M., 2003. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activity changes during on-vine ripening of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Postharvest Biol Tech 28, 59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00141-2
Clinton S.K., 1998. Lycopene: chemistry, biology and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev 56, 35-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01691.x PMid:9529899
Davies J.N., Hobson G.E., 1981. The constituents of tomato fruit. The influence of environment, nutrition, and genotype. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 15, 205-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398109527317 PMid:7030623
De Serrano J.Q., De Gonzalez L., Solomons N.W., 1993. The partition of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid in vitamin C containing Guatemalan food. Food Chem 47, 87-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(93)90308-3
Dixon R.A., Paiva N.L., 1995. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7, 1085-1097. PMid:12242399 PMCid:160915
Dorais M., Ehret D.L., Papadopoulos A.P., 2008. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) health components: from the seed to the consumer. Phytochem Rev 7, 231-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-007-9085-x
Dumas Y., Dadomo M., Di Lucca G., Grolier P., 2003. Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant content of tomatoes. J Sci Food Agr 83, 369-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1370
Flores F.B., Sánchez-Bel P., Estañ M.T., Martínezrodríguez M.M., Moyano E., Morales B., Campos J.F., García-Abellán J.O., Egea M.I., Fernández-García N., Romojaro F., Bolarín M.C., 2010. The effectiveness of grafting to improve tomato fruit quality. Sci Hort 125, 211-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.03.026
García N.F., Carvajal M., Olmos E., 2004. Graft union formation in tomato plants: Peroxidase and catalase involvement. Ann Bot 93, 53-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch014 PMid:14630693
George B., Kaur C., Khurdiya D.S., Kapoor H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chem 84, 45-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00165-1
Giovannucci E., 1999. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nat Cancer Inst 91, 317-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.4.317 PMid:10050865
Gyamfi M.A., Yonamine M., Aniya Y., 1999. Freeradical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana-Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally-induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol 32, 661-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00238-9
Halevy S., Koth H., Guggenheim K., 1957. The vitamin and mineral content of fruits and vegetables grown in Israel. Brit J Nutr 11, 409-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN19570062 PMid:13489150
Helyes L., Lugasi A., Pogonyi A., Pek Z., 2009. Effect of variety and grafting on lycopene content of tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karsten) fruit. Acta Aliment 38, 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.2008.0013
Jiménez A., Creissen G., Kular B., Firmin J., Robinson S., Verhoeyen M., Mullineaux P., 2002. Changes in oxidative processes and components of the antioxidant system during tomato fruit ripening. Planta 214, 751-758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250100667 PMid:11882944
Joy R.W., Patel K.R., Thorpe T.A., 1988. Ascorbic acid enhancement of organogenesis in tobacco callus. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 13, 219-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043670
Khah E.M., Tsouvaltzis P.I., Siomos A.S., Dogras K.C., 2003. The effect of the two tomatoes grafting on the performance, earliness and fruit quality. Proceedings of the 21st Pan-Hellenic Congress of the Greek Society for Horticultural Science, Ioannina, Greece, pp. 51-55.
Khah E.M., Kakava E., Mavromatis A., Chachalis D., Goulas C., 2006. Effect of grafting on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in greenhouse and open-field. J Appl Hort 8, 3-7.
King S.R., Davis A.R., Zhang X., Crosby K., 2010. Genetics, breeding and selection of rootstocks for Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Sci Hort 127, 106-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.001
Lee J.M., 1994. Cultivation of grafted vegetables I. Current status, grafting methods, and benefits. Hort Sci 29, 235-239.
Lee J.M., Kubota C., Tsao S.J., Hoyos Echevarria P., Morra L., Oda M., 2010. Current status of vegetable grafting: diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Sci Hort 127, 93-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.003
Martínez-Rodríguez M.M., Estañ M.T., Moyano E., García-Abellán J.O., Flores F.B., Campos J.F., Al-Azzawi M.J., Flowers T.J., Bolarín M.C., 2008. The effectiveness of grafting to improve salt tolerance in tomato when an "excluder" genotype is used as scion. Environ Exp Botany 63, 392-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.12.007
Martínez-Valverde I., Periago M.J., Provan G., Chesson A., 2002, Phenolic compounds, lycopene and antioxidant activity in commercial varieties of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). J Sci Food Agr 82, 323-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1035
Pogonyi A., Pék Z., Helyes L., Lugasi A., 2005. Effect of grafting on the tomato's yield, quality and main fruit components in spring forcing. Acta Aliment 34(4), 453-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.34.2005.4.12
Raffo A., Leonardo C., Fogliano V., Ambrosino P., Salucci M., Gennaro L., Bugianesi R., Giuffrida F., Quaglia G., 2002. Nutritional value of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Cv. Naomi F1) harvested at different ripening stages. J Agr Food Chem 50, 6550-6556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020315t PMid:12381148
Raffo A., La Malfa G., Fogliano V., Maiani G., Quaglia G., 2006. Seasonal variations in antioxidant components of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Naomi F1). J. Food Compos Anal 19, 11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.003
Rivard C.L., Louws F.J., 2008. Grafting to manage soilborne diseases in heirloom tomato production Hortscience 43, 2104-2111.
Rouphael Y., Schwarz D., Krumbein A., Colla G., 2010. Impact of grafting on product quality of fruit vegetables. Sci Hort 127, 172-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.09.001
Sadler G., Davis J., Dezman D., 1990. Rapid extraction of lycopene and ®-carotene from reconstituted tomato paste and pink grapefruit homogenates. J Food Sci 55, 1460-1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb03958.x
Sharma S.K., Le Maguer M., 1996. Lycopene in tomatoes. Ital J Food Sci 2, 107-113.
Shigeoka S., Ishikawa T., Tamoi M., Miyagawa Y., Takeda T., Yabuta Y., Yoshimura K., 2002. Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. J Exp Bot 53, 1305-1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1305 PMid:11997377
Singleton V.L., Rossi J.A., 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16, 144-158.
Tabata K., Oba K., Suzuki K., Esaka M., 2001. Generation and properties of ascorbic acid-deficient transgenic tobacco cells expressing antisense RNA for L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. Plant J 27, 139-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01074.x PMid:11489191
Vanderslice J.T., Higgs D.J., Hayes J.M., Block G., 1990. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid content of foods-as-eaten. J Food Comp Anal 3, 105-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(90)90018-H
Wadano A., Azeta M., Itotani S., Kanda A., Iwaki T., Taira T., Fujii Y., Nishiura Y., Murase H., Honami N., 1999. Change of ascorbic acid level after grafting of tomato seedlings. Z Naturforsch 54, 830-833.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
