Stocking density influences common carp larval development. Can restocking processes activate compensatory growth consequent to previous high stocking density?
Abstract
Aim of study: to analyse the effect of stocking density on common carp larvae production. Since stocking density is one of the most important variables in recirculating aquaculture system, it is fundamental to understand its implication on fish larval development.
Area of study: Brazil
Material and methods: In an initial trial over a 30-day period, 18,000 Cyprinus carpio larvae were subjected to eight different stocking densities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 larvae/L). In a second trial over a 15-day period, the larvae subjected to the 40 larvae/L treatment were selected according to size and 360 of them were subjected to restocking processes at a density of 5 larvae/L, in order to evaluate possible compensatory growth, while those subjected to the 5 larvae/L treatment were likewise selected according to size and were distributed at the same stocking density (5 larvae/L), to be the control treatment during the restocking process.
Main results: The larvae kept at the density of 5 larvae/L showed better growth and development. Increased heterogeneity of the concomitant batch was observed with higher stocking density. Restocking at low density (5 larvae/L), for larvae that had previously been kept at high density (40 larvae/L), caused partial compensatory growth, with an increase in the specific growth rate. Increasing the density caused increased productivity up to the density level of 25 larvae/L, but from then on there was no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Research highlights: Carp larvae reared at high densities need to be restocked during rearing in order to avoid the “shooting” problem.Downloads
References
Akaike H, 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contrl 19 (6): 716-723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
Ako H, Shimizu E, Lemos K, Asano L, Tamaru C, 2005. Behavioral limitations of high density fish growout. W Aquacult 36: 25-29, 67.
Alami-Durante H, Charlon N, Escaffre AM, Bergot P, 1991. Supplementation of artificial diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. Aquacult 93 (2): 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90215-S
Ali M, Nicieza A, Wootton RJ, 2003. Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish Fish 4 (2): 147-190. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00120.x
Ardiansyah A, Fotedar R. 2016. Water quality, growth and stress responses of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch), reared at four different densities in integrated recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacult 458: 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.001
Bosworth B, Ott B, Torrans L, 2015. Effects of stocking density on production traits of Channel Catfish x Blue Catfish Hybrids. N AM J Aquacult 77 (4): 437-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2015.1024363
Boyd CE, 1982. Water quality management of pond fish culture. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Burnham KP, Anderson DR, 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol Methods Res 33 (2): 261-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124104268644
Calabrese S, Nilsen TO, Kolarevic J, Ebbesson LOE, Pedrosa C, Fivelstad S, Hosfeld SO, Stefansson BF, Terjesen H, Takle CIM, et al., 2017. Stocking density limits for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with emphasis on production performance and welfare. Aquacul 468 (1): 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.041
Chabalin E, Senhorini JÁ, Ferraz De Lima JA, 1989. Estimativa de custo de produção de larvas e alevinos. Bol Téc do CEPTA 2: 61-74.
De las Heras V, Martos-Sitcha JA, Yúfera M, Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, 2015. Influence of stocking density on growth, metabolism and stress of thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) juveniles. Aquacul 448: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.033
Fairchild EA, Howell WH, 2001. Optimal stocking density for juvenile Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. J World Aquacult Soc 32 (3): 300-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00453.x
Feldite M, Milstein A, 1999. Effect of density on survival and growth of cyprinid fish fry. Aquacult Int 7 (6): 399-411.
Fosse PJ, Mattos DDC, Cardoso LD, Radael MC, Vidal Jr. MV, 2018. Duration of co-feeding on the Nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio larvae during weaning from live to inert food in an indoor system. Ciênc Rural 48 (4): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170579
Gonçalves Júnior LP, Mendonça PP, Pereira SL, Matielo MD, Amorim IRS, 2014. Densidade de estocagem durante a larvicultura do kinguio. Bol Inst Pesca 40 (4): 597-604. https://www.pesca.sp.gov.br/boletim/index.php/bip/article/view/1065/1043
Jelkić D, Opačak A, Stević I, Jug-Dujaković J, Safner R, 2012. Rearing carp larvae (Cyprinus carpio) in closed recirculatory system (RAS). Croat J Fish 70 (1): 9-17. https://hrcak.srce.hr/78877
Joaquim S, Matias D, Matias AM, Leitão A, Soares F, Cabral M, Chícharo L, Gaspar MB, 2014. The effect of density in larval rearing of the pullet carpet shell Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacult Res 47 (4): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12561
Jobling M, Koskela J, 1996. Interindividual variations in feeding and growth in rainbow trout during restricted feeding and in a subsequent period of compensatory growth. J Fish Biol 49 (4): 658-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00062.x
Jomori RK, Carneiro DJ, Martins MIEG, Portella MC, 2005. Economic evaluation of Piaractus mesopotamicus juvenile production in different rearing systems. Aquacult 243 (1-4): 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.034
Kamaszewski M, Prasek M, Ostaszewska T, Dabrowski K, 2014. The influence of feeding diets containing wheat gluten supplemented with dipeptides or free amino acids on structure and development of the skeletal muscle of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquacult Int 22 (1): 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-013-9683-0
Khan MS, 1994. Effect of population density on the growth, feed and protein conversion efficiency and biochemical composition of a tropical freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus (Cuviei and Valenciennes). Aquacult Res 25 (7): 753-760. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00739.x
Kotani T, Wakiwaya Y, Imoto T, Fushimi H, 2011. Improved larviculture of ocellate puffer Takifugu rubripes through control of stocking density. Aquacult 312 (1-4): 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.001
Littell RC, Henry PR, Ammermman CB, 1998. Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J Anim Sci 76 (4): 1216-1231. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7641216x
Menezes C, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Martos-Sitcha J, Toni C, Salbego J, Becker A, Loro VL, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera J, Baldisserotto B, 2015. The influence of stocking density and food deprivation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): A metabolic and endocrine approach. Aquacult 435: 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.044
Moniruzzaman M, Uddin KB, Basak S, Mahmud Y, Zaher M, Bai SC, 2015. Effects of stocking density on growth, body composition, yield and economic returns of monosex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) under cage culture system in Kaptai Lake of Bangladesh. J Aquac Res Dev 6 (8): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000357
Motta JHS, Vidal Jr MV, Glória LS, Cruz Neto MA, Silveira LS, Andrade DR, 2019. Technical and economic feasibility of food strategies in the hatchery of Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Lat Am J Aquat Res 47 (4): 626-637. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol47-issue4-fulltext-5
Myszkowski L, 2013. Compensatory growth, condition and food utilization in barbell Barbus barbus juveniles reared at different feeding periodicities with dry diet. J Fish Biol 82 (1): 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03482.x
North BP, Turnbull JF, Ellis T, Porter MJ, Migaud H, Bron J, Bromage NR, 2006. The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacult 255 (1-4): 466-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.004
Paspatis M, Boujard T, Maragoudaki D, Blanchard G, Kentouri M, 2003. Do stocking density and feed reward level affect growth and feeding of self-fed juvenile European sea bass? Aquacult 216 (1-4): 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00417-9
Portella MC, Jomori RK, Leitão NJ, Menossi OCC, Freitas TM, Kojima JT, Lopes TS, Clavijo-Ayala JA, Carneiro DJ, 2014. Larval development of indigenous South American freshwater fish species, with particular reference to pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): A review. Aquacult 432: 402-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.032
Salas-Leiton E, Anguis V, Machado M, Cañavater JP, 2008. Growth, feeding and oxygen consumption of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles stocked at different densities. Aquacult 285 (1-4): 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.001
Sampaio LA, Ferreira AH, Tesser MB, 2001. Effect of stocking density on laboratory rearing of mullet fingerlings, Mugil platanus (Günther, 1880). Acta Scientiarum 23 (2): 471-475. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.921.7805&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Schwarz FJ, Plank J, Kirchgessner M, 1985. Effects of protein or energy restriction with subsequent realimentation on performance of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquacult 48 (1): 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90049-3
Sevgili H, Hoşsu B, Emre Y, Kanyılmaz M, 2013. Compensatory growth following various time lengths of restricted feeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under summer conditions. J Appl Ichthyol 29 (6): 1330-1336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12174
Smith PL, 1979. The development of a nursery technique for rearing turbot Scophthalmus maximus, from the metamorphosis to ongrowing size-Progress since 1970 by the British White Fish Authority [1976]. In: Advances in Aquaculture; Pillay TVR & Dill WA (eds), FAO, pp: 143-149. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF19760124310
Sugiura N, 1978. Further analysis of the data by Akaike's information criterion and the finite corrections. Commun Stat Theor Meth A7: 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610927808827599
Van de Nieuwegiessen PG, Boerlage AS, Verreth JAJ, Schrama JW, 2008. Assessing the effects of a chronic stressor, stocking density, on welfare indicators of juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Appl Anim Behav Sci 115: 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.05.008
Van de Nieuwegiessen PG, Olwo J, Khong S, Verreth JAJm Schrama JW, 2009. Effects of age and stocking density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Aquacult 288: 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.009
Vilizzi L, Walker K, 1999. The onset of the juvenile period in carp, Cyprinus carpio: a literature survey. Envir Biol Fish 56: 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3678-7_7
Webb Júnior KA, Hitzafelder GM, Faulk CK, Holt J, 2007. Growth of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, at three different densities in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacult 264 (1-4): 223-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.029
Yarahmadi P, Miandare HK, Hoseinifar SH, Gheysvandi N, Akbarzadeh A, 2015. The effects of stocking density on hemato-immunological and serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacult Int 23 (1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9797-z
Yengkopam S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Debnath D, Kumar S, Jain KK, 2014. Compensatory growth, feed intake and body composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings following feed deprivation. Aquacult Nutr 20 (2): 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12056
Zhu X, Xie S, Lei W, Cui Y, Yang Y, Wootton RJ, 2005. Compensatory growth in the Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris following feed deprivation: Temporal patterns in growth, nutrient deposition, feed intake and body composition. Aquacult 248 (1-4): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.006
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
