Production efficiency of green beans integrated with tilapia in a circular farming system of media-filled aquaponics
Abstract
Aim of study: To evaluate the biomass production of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a media-filled aquaponics system together with Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia, GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus).
Area of study: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (Malaysia).
Material and methods: The experiment involved modulating and optimizing the density of extractive species (plants) in the hydroponic tank (55 cm × 35 cm). Five treatments were carried out: T0 (control-without plant), T2 (2 plants), T4 (4 plants), T8 (8 plants), T12 (12 plants) where the stocking density of GIFT was 30 tails (identical in all the treatments). Water volume in each treatment was 800 L and the experimental set up was closed recirculating type. The trials were carried out over a period of 90 days.
Main results: Growth of the GIFT was not affected by the presence of green bean or by manipulation of the stocking density. Treatment T4 yielded significantly higher biomass production of green beans (1556.4 ± 88.9 g), compared to T2 (1083.6 ± 86.9 g), T8 (404.6 ± 47.9 g), and T12 (401.8 ± 98.1 g). There were noticeable fluctuations in the concentrations of NH3-N (ammonia), NO2-N (nitrite), NO3-N (nitrate) and PO4-P (phosphate) over the experimental period that indicated the process of nitrification and absorption of nutrients.
Research highlights: The nitrogenous waste produced by the fish supported the biomass of the green beans in the aquaponics system and the waste uptake of this extractive species is effective enough for reuse of the water for rearing of GIFT.
Downloads
References
Anderson TS, Goldstein LT, Timmons MB, 2019. Root nitrification capacity of lettuce plants with application to aquaponics. Aquacult Eng 86: 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2019.101997
Bahnasawy MH, Abdel-Baky TE, Abd-Allah GA, 2003. Growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings raised in an earthen pond. Arch Polish Fish 11: 277-285.
Boyd CE, Tucker CS, 1998. Pond aquaculture water quality management, Kluwer Acad Publ, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5407-3
Caliskan ME, Kusman N, Caliskan S, 2009. Effects of plant density on the yield and yield components of true potato seed (TPS) hybrids in early and main crop potato production systems. Field Crops Res 114 (2): 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.08.002
Crab R, Kochva M, Verstraete W, Avnimelech Y, 2008. Bioflocks technology application in overwintering tilapia. Aquacult Eng 40: 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.12.004
Darkwa K, Ambachew D, Mohammed H, Asfaw A et al., 2016. Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for drought stress adaptation in Ethiopia. The Crop Journal 4 (5): 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.06.007
Ebeling JM, Timmons MB, Bisogni JJ, 2006. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257 (1-4): 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019
Egna HS, Boyd CE, 1997. Dynamics of pond aquaculture, pp 54-92, Lewis Publ, USA.
El-Sayed AM, 2006. Tilapia culture- Environmental requirements, pp: 34-46. CABI Publ, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990149.0034
Endut A, Jusoh A, Ali N, Wan NWB, 2011. Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater by vegetable production in aquaponics recirculation system. Desal Water Treat 32: 422-430. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2761
Estim A, Saufie S, Mustafa S, 2018. Water quality remediation using aquaponics sub-systems as biological and mechanical filters in aquaculture. J Water Process Eng 30: 100566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.02.001
Ferranti P, 2019. The United Nations sustainable development goals. Encycl Food Secur Sust 1: 6-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22063-5
Forbes JC, Watson RD, 1992. Plants in Agriculture, pp: 110-150. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, NY.
Gencoglan C, Altunbey H, Gencoglan S, 2006. Response of green bean (P. vulgaris L) to subsurface drip irrigation and partial rootzone-drying irrigation. Agr Water Manage 84: 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.02.008
Ginneken VJTV, Eersel RV, Blam P, Nieveen M et al., 2005. Tilapia are able to withstand long-term exposure to low environmental pH, judged by their energy status, ionic balance and plasma cortisol. J Fish Biol 51 (4): 795-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02000.x
Grassbaugh EM, Bennett MA, 1998. Factors affecting vegetable stand establishment. Scientia Agricola 55: 116-120. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90161998000500021
Haque MR, Islam MA, Abdul-Wahab MA, Hoq ME et al., 2016. Evaluation of production performance and profitability of hybrid red tilapia and genetically improved tilapia (GIFT) strains in the carbon/nitrogen controlled periphyton-based (C/N-CP) on-farm prawn culture system in Bangladesh. Aquacult Rep 4: 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2016.07.004
Hussain MG, 2009. A future for the tilapia in Bangladesh. Aquaculture 5 (4): 38-40.
Knaus U, Appelbaum S, Palm HW, 2018. Significant factors affecting the economic sustainability of closed backyard aquaponics systems. Part IV: Autumn herbs and polyponics. AACL Bioflux 11: 1760-1775.
Kolster L, 1995. Feed management and reduction of aquaculture wastes. Water Sci Technol 31: 213-218. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0379
Kpundeh MD, Qiang J, He J, Yang H, 2015. Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and hemato-immunological indices of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacult Int 23: 1189-1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9876-1
Lam SS, Ma NL, Jusoh A, Ambak MA, 2015. Biological nutrient removal by recirculating aquaponic system: Optimization of the dimension ration between the hydroponic & rearing tank components. Int Biodeter Biodegr 102: 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.03.012
Lashkari M, Madani H, Ardakani AB, Golzardi F, Zargari K, 2011. Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of different corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Am-Euras J Agr Environ Sci 10 (3): 450-457.
Lekang OL, 2013. Aquaculture engineering, Wiley Blackwell, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118496077
Liang JY, Chien Y, 2013. Effects of feeding frequency and photoperiod on water quality and crop production in a tilapia-water spinach raft aquaponics system. Int Biodeter Biodegr 85: 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.029
Liang JY, Chien YH, 2015. Effects of photosynthetic photon flux density and photoperiod on water quality and crop production in a loach (Misgurnus anguillicandatus) - nest fern (Asplenium nidus) raft aquaponics system. Int Biodeter Biodegr 102: 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.02.018
Long L, Yang J, Li Y, Guan C et al. 2015. Effect of biofloc technology on growth, digestive enzyme activity, hematology, and immune response of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 448: 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.017
Love DC, Jillian PF, Li X, Hill ES et al., 2015. Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: findings from an international survey. Aquaculture 435: 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023
Lu Q, Han P, Xiao Y, Liu T et al., 2019. The novel approach of using microbial system for sustainable development of aquaponics. J Clean Prod 217: 573-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.252
Martins GB, Tarouco F, Rosa CE, Robaldo RB, 2018. Growth, water quality and oxidative stress of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in biofloc technology system at different pH. Aquacult Res 50: 1030-1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13975
Maucieri C, Nicoletto C, Zanin G, Birolo M et al., 2019. Effect of stocking density of fish on water quality and growth performance of European Carp and leafy vegetables in a low-tech aquaponic system. PLoS ONE 14 (5): e0217561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217561
Mustafa S, Shapawi R, 2015. Aquaculture ecosystems: adaptability & sustainability. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118778531
Mustafa S, Estim A, 2019. Blue economy and blue growth in the context of development policies and priorities in Malaysia. Penerbit UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Mustafa S, Estim A, Shaleh SRM, Shapawi R, 2018. Positioning of aquaculture in blue growth and sustainable development goals through new knowledge, ecological perspectives and analytical solutions. Aquaculture Indonesiana 19 (1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21534/ai.v19i1.105
Mustafa S, Estim A, Saufie S, 2019. Biodynamics in integrated aquaculture systems and challenges in producing organic food using low-carbon methods. Borneo J Mar Sci Aquacult 3 (1): 1-8.
Nik MM, Babaeian M, Tavassoli A, Asgharzade A, 2011. Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of corn hybrids (Zea mays). Sci Res Essays 6 (22): 4821-4825.
Parsons TR, Maita Y, Lalli CM, 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Qiang J, Tao Y, Li H, Xu JP et al., 2018. Responses of blood biochemistry, fatty acid composition and expression of microRNA's to heat stress in genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Therm Biol 73: 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.02.007
Rakocy JE, Masser MP, Losordo TM, 2014. Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics - Integrating fish and plant culture. Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv, SRAC-454, OK, USA.
Salinas-Ramirez N, Escalante-Estrada JA, Rodriguez-Gonzalez MT, Sosa-Montes E, 2011. Yield and nutritional quality of snap bean in times of biofertilization. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 13: 347-355.
Satriani A, Loperte A, Soldovieri F, 2015. Integrated geophysical technique for sustainable management of water resource. A case study of local dry bean versus commercial common bean cultivars. Agr Water Manage 162: 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.08.010
Shaleh SRM, Shapawi R, Estim A, Mustafa S, 2019. Leveraging scientific knowledge in aquaculture for entrepreneurship - Case studies at Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Borneo J Mar Sci Aquacult 3 (1): 25-32.
Silva L, Escalante E, Valdés-Lozano D, Hernández M et al., 2017. Evaluation of a semi-intensive aquaponics system, with and without bacterial biofilter in a tropical location. Sustainability 9: 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040592
Tacon AGJ, Metian M, 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285: 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
Takunga K, Tamaru CS, Ako H, Leung PS, 2015. Economics of small-scale commercial aquaponics in Hawaii. World Aquacul Soc 46 (1): 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12173
Tian J, Wen H, Lu X, Liu W et al., 2018. Dietary phosphatidylcholine impacts on growth performance and lipid metabolism in adult genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Brit J Nutr 119: 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517003063
Tidwell JH, 2012. Aquaculture production systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118250105
Wing-Keong N, Hanim R, Sih-Win T, 2008. GIFT tilapia show greater FCR, growth potential than red tilapia. Global Aquaculture Alliance, Portmouth, NH, USA.
Yep B, Zheng Y, 2019. Aquaponic trends and challenges - A review. J Clean Prod 228: 1586-1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.290
Yildiz HY, Robaina L, Pirhonen J, Mente E et al., 2017. Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: Its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces - A review. Water 9 (1): 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
Yuan D, Yakupitiyage A, Yi Y, Fitzimmons K, 2010. Effects of addition of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) at different densities and sized on production, water quality and nutrient recovery of intensive culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in cement tanks. Aquaculture 298: 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.011
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
