Novel draught resistance sensing elements for measurement of drawbar power of agricultural machinery
Abstract
Aim of study: To develop an instrumentation system comprising three force sensing elements to measure the draught resistance of any tillage and seeding tools during field operation by connecting one sensing element to each three-point linkage of the tractor.
Area of study: Department of AgFE, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
Material and methods: Commercial S-type transducers were packed laterally in between the curved plates perpendicular to the direction of travel in such a way that the magnitude of the imposed force decreased and its nature got reversed consequently during tillage force measurement. Finite element analysis was also performed on the proposed model of the sensing elements. The performance was evaluated on the basis of non-linearity, hysteresis, and non-repeatability. The data were validated with the draught values simultaneously recorded using instrumented three-point linkages of tractor.
Main results: It offered good sensitivity and linearity during static calibration. The measurement capacity based on maximum applied load during static calibration was 10 kN with accuracy 93.40%. The low values of mean percentage error (9.03%), maximum absolute variation (17.43%), and root mean square error (0.51 kN) revealed good accuracy of the system. Validation was conducted by comparing the data for an offset type disk harrow with the model outputs of previous studies to assess its suitability for other soil working conditions, and the results were satisfactory.
Research highlights: The advantages of this sensing device in the measurement of drawbar power are fewer changes in the hitching geometry, lower cost, and capability of quick hitching.
Downloads
References
Agrawal KN, Thomas EV, 2003. Relationship of specific draft with soil and operating parameters for M. B. plough. AMA 34(2): 9-12.
Al-Jalil HF, Khdair A, Muahal W, 2001. Design and performance of an adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer. Soil Till Res 62(1): 153-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00219-7
Al-Janobi A, 2000. A data-acquisition system to monitor performance of fully mounted implements. J Agric Eng Res 75(1): 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1999.0496
Anonymous, 2021. How to perform a repeatability test for estimating uncertainty in measurement. https://www.isobudgets.com/how-to-perform-a-repeatability-test/ [Sept 2021).
ASABE Standards, 2001. Soil Cone Penetrometer. St. Joseph, MI, USA, ASAE S313.3.
ASABE Standards, 2006. Agricultural machinery management data. St. Joseph, MI, USA, ASAE D497.5.
ASAE Standards, 2005. Terminology and definitions for soil tillage and soil-tool relationships. St. Joseph, MI, USA, ASAE EP291.3.
Bashford LL, Byerly DV, Grisso RD, 1991. Draft and energy requirements of agricultural implements in semi-arid regions of Morocco. AMA 22(3): 79-82.
Bentaher H, Ibrahmi A, Hamza E, Hbaieb M, Kantchev G, Maalej A, Arnold W, 2013. Finite element simulation of moldboard-soil interaction. Soil Till Res 134: 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.07.002
Chaplin J, Lueders M, Zhao Y, 1987. Three point hitch dynamometer design and calibration. Appl Eng Agric 3(1): 10-13. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.26634
Chen Y, McLaughlin NB, Tessier S, 2007. Double extended octagonal ring (DEOR) drawbar dynamometer. Soil Till Res 93: 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.06.008
Choudhary S, Upadhyay G, Patel B, Jain M, 2021. Energy requirements and tillage performance under different active tillage treatments in sandy loam soil. J Biosyst Eng 46(4): 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-021-00112-y
Chung YG, Marley SJ, Buchele WF, 1983. Development of a three-point dynamometer. Trans ASAE 22(2): 226-228.
Fraden J, 2010. Sensor characteristics. In: Handbook of modern sensors, Springer, NY, pp: 13-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6466-3_2
Gee-Clough D, McAllister M, Pearson G, Evernden DW, 1978. The empirical prediction of tractor-implement field performance. J Terra 15(2): 81- 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(78)90026-5
Godwin RJ, Reynolds AJ, O'Dogherty MJ, Al-Ghazal AA, 1993. A tri-axial dynamometer for force and moment measurements on tillage implements. J Agric Eng Res 55(3): 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1993.1043
Godwin RJ, O'Dogherty MJ, Saunders C, Balafoutis AT, 2007. A force prediction model for mouldboard ploughs incorporating the effects of soil characteristic properties, plough geometric factors and ploughing speed. Biosyst Eng 97(1): 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.02.001
Grisso RD, Yasin M, Kocher MF, 1996. Tillage implement forces operating in silty clay loam. Trans ASAE 39(6): 1977-1982. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.27699
Harrigan TM, Rotz CA, 1995. Draft relationships for tillage and seeding equipment. Appl Eng Agric 11(6): 773-783. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.25801
Hensh S, Tewari VK, Upadhyay G, 2021a. An instrumentation system to measure the loads acting on the tractor PTO bearing during rotary tillage. J Terra 96: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2021.04.004
Hensh S, Tewari VK, Upadhyay G, 2021b. A novel wireless instrumentation system for measurement of PTO (power take-off) torque requirement during rotary tillage. Biosyst Eng 212: 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.10.015
IS: 2720, 1973. Method of test for soils, Part II: Determination of moisture content. Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi.
IS: 2720, 1975. Method of test for soils, Part 29: Determination of dry density of soils in-place by the core-cutter method. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. Reaffirmed, 1-9.
Karmakar S, Kushwaha RL, 2006. Dynamic modeling of soil-tool interaction: an overview from a fluid flow perspective. J Terra 43(4): 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2005.05.001
Kepner RA, Bainer R, Barger EL, 2005. Principles of farm machinery, 4th ed, Chapter 3. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
Kheiralla AF, Yahya A, Zohadie M, Ishak W, 2004. Modelling of power and energy requirements for tillage implements operating in Serdang sandy clay loam, Malaysia. Soil Till Res 78: 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2003.12.011
Kuczewski J, Piotrowska E, 1998. An improved model for forces on narrow soil cutting tines. Soil Till Res 46(3-4): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00101-9
Kumar AA, Tewari VK, Nare B, 2016. Embedded digital draft force and wheel slip indicator for tillage research. Comput Electron Agric 127: 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.05.010
Kushwaha RL, Shen J, 1995. Numeric simulation of friction phenomenon at soil-tool interface. Tribol Trans 38(2): 424-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402009508983424
Liu Y, Tian T, Chen J, Wang F, Zhang D, 2018. A highly reliable embedded optical torque sensor based on flexure spring. Appl Bionics Biomech 2018: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4362749
McGrath MJ, Scanaill CN, 2013. Sensing and sensor fundamentals. In: Sensor technologies, pp: 15-50. Apress, Berkeley, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6014-1_2
McKibben EG, Reed IF, 1952. The influence of speed on the performance characteristics of implements. SAE Technical Paper. No. 520142. https://doi.org/10.4271/520142
Mouazen AM, Nemenyi M, 1999. Tillage tool design by the finite element method, Part 1. Finite element modelling of soil plastic behaviour. J Agric Eng Res 72(1): 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1998.0343
Nataraj E, Sarkar P, Raheman H, Upadhyay G, 2021. Embedded digital display and warning system of velocity ratio and wheel slip for tractor operated active tillage implements. J Terra 97: 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2021.06.003
Nicholson RI, Bashford LL, Mielke LN, 1984. Energy requirements for tillage from a reference implement. ASAE Paper No. 84-1028. St. Joseph, MI, USA.
O'Dogherty MJ, 1996. The design of octagonal ring dynamometer. J Agric Eng Res 63: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0002
Palmer AL, 1992. Development of a three-point dynamometer for tillage research. J Agric Eng Res 52(3): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(92)80057-Y
Rasool S, Raheman H, Upadhyay G, 2017. Development of an instrumentation system for evaluating the tractive performance of walking tractors. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6(10): 759-770. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.092
Roul AK, 2014. Draft prediction of commonly used tillage implements for sandy clay loam soil in India. PhD Thesis. IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
Sadek MA, Chen Y, 2015. Feasibility of using PFC3D to simulate soil flow resulting from a simple soil-engaging tool. Trans ASABE 58(4): 987-996. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10900
Sahu RK, 2005. Development and performance evaluation of combination tillage implements for 2WD tractors. PhD Thesis. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT-Kharagpur, India.
Sarkar P, Upadhyay G, Raheman H, 2021. Active-passive and passive-passive configurations of combined tillage implements for improved tillage and tractive performance: A review. Span J Agric Res 19(4): e02R01. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021194-18387
Scholtz DC, 1966. A three-point linkage dynamometer for restrained linkages. J Agric Eng Res 11(1): 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8634(66)80006-9
Sheu PP, Chieng WH, Lee AC, 1996. Modeling and analysis of the intermediate shaft between two universal joints. J Vib Acoust 118: 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2889640
Thakur TC, Godwin RJ, 1988. Design of extended octagonal ring dynamometer for rotary studies. AMA 19(3): 23-28.
Upadhyay G, 2020. Development and performance evaluation of a front active and rear passive set combined offset disc harrow. (Doctoral dissertation, IIT Kharagpur).
Upadhyay G, Raheman H, 2018. Performance of combined offset disc harrow (front active and rear passive set configuration) in soil bin. J Terra 78: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2018.04.002
Upadhyay G, Raheman H, 2019a. Comparative analysis of tillage in sandy clay loam soil by free rolling and powered disc harrow. Eng Agric Environ Food 12(1): 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2018.11.001
Upadhyay G, Raheman H, 2019b. Specific draft estimation model for offset disc harrows. Soil Till Res 191: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.03.021
Upadhyay G, Raheman H, 2020. Comparative assessment of energy requirement and tillage effectiveness of combined (active-passive) and conventional offset disc harrows. Biosyst Eng 198: 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.08.014
Upadhyay G, Raheman H, Rasool S, 2017. Three dimensional modelling and stress analysis of a powered single acting disc harrow using FEA. Curr Agric Res J 5(2): 203-219. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.5.2.08
Upadhyaya SK, Kemble LJ, Collins NE, Camargo FA, 1985. Accuracy of mounted implement draft prediction using strain gauge mounted directly on three-point hitch linkage system. Trans ASAE 28(1): 40-46. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.32199
Watyotha C, Salokhe VM, 2001. Development of a data acquisition system for measuring the characteristics of real time forces by cage wheels. J Terra 38: 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4898(00)00021-5
Yang ZX, 2013. Oscillation in electric power steering test torque due to universal joint angle and control strategy. J Dyn Syst Meas Control 135(5): 051017. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024476
Copyright (c) 2022 INIA-CSIC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
