Potential of VIS/NIR spectroscopy to detect and predict bitter pit in ‘Golden Smoothee’ apples
Abstract
Aim of study: A portable VIS/NIR spectrometer and chemometric techniques were combined to identify bitter pit (BP) in Golden apples.
Area of study: Worldwide
Material and methods: Three different classification algorithms – linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and support-vector machine (SVM) –were used in two experiments. In experiment #1, VIS/NIR measurements were carried out at postharvest on apples previously classified according to 3 classes (class 1: non-BP; class 2: slight symptoms; class 3: severe symptoms). In experiment #2, VIS/NIR measurements were carried out on healthy apples collected before harvest to determinate the capacity of the classification algorithms for detecting BP prior to the appearance of symptoms.
Main results: In the experiement #1, VIS/NIR spectroscopy showed great potential in pitted apples detection with visibly symptoms (accuracies of 75–81%). The linear classifier LDA performed better than the multivariate non-linear QDA and SVM classifiers in discriminating between healthy and bitter pitted apples. In the experiment #2, the accuracy to predict bitter pit prior to the appearance of visible symptoms decreased to 44–57%.
Research highlights: The identification of apples with bitter pit through VIS/NIR spectroscopy may be due to chlorophyll degradation and/or changes in intercellular water in fruit tissue.
Downloads
References
Abbott JA, Lu R, Upchurch BL, Stroshine, RL, 2010. Technologies for nondestructive quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables. Hortic Rev 20: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650646.ch1
Amarante CVT, Miqueloto A, de Freitas ST, Steffens CA, Silveira JPG, Corrêa TR, 2013. Fruit sampling methods to quantify calcium and magnesium contents to predict bitter pit development in 'Fuji' apple: a multivariate approach. Sci Hortic 157: 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.03.021
Ariana D, Guyer DE, Shrestha B, 2006. Integrating multispectral reflectance and fluorescence imaging for defect detection on apples. Comput Electron Agric 50: 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2005.10.002
Bonomelli C, Mogollón R, de Freitas ST, Zoffoli, JP, Contreras C, 2020. Nutritional relationships in bitter pit-affected fruit and the feasibility of VIS-NIR models to determine calcium concentration in 'Fuji' apples. Agronomy 10 (10): 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101476
de Freitas ST, Amarante CVT, Mitcham EJ, 2015. Mechanisms regulating apple cultivar susceptibility to bitter pit. Sci Hortic 186: 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.01.039
ElMasry G, Wang N, Vigneault C, Qiao J, ElSayed A, 2008. Early detection of apple bruises on different background colors using hyperspectral imaging. LWT - Food Sci Technol 41: 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.02.022
Ferguson IB, Watkins CB, 1989. Bitter pit in apple fruit. Hortic Rev 11: 289-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060841.ch8
Galvez-Sola L, García-Sánchez F, Pérez-Pérez JG, Gimeno V, Navarro J M, Moral R, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Nieves M, 2015. Rapid estimation of nutritional elements on citrus leaves by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Front Plant Sci 6: 571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00571
Jarolmasjed S, Zúñiga Espinoza C, Sankaran S, 2017. Near infrared spectroscopy to predict bitter pit development in different varieties of apples. J Food Meas Charact 11 (3): 987-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9473-x
Jemrić T, Fruk I, Fruk M, Radman S, Sinkovič L, Fruk G, 2016. Bitter pit in apples: pre-and postharvest factors - A review. Span J Agric Res 14 (4): e08R01. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016144-8491
Kafle GK, Khot LR, Jarolmasjed S, Yongsheng S, Lewis K, 2016. Robustness of near infrared spectroscopy based spectral features for non-destructive bitter pit detection in honeycrisp apples. Postharvest Biol Technol 120: 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.06.013
Kalcsits LA, 2016. Non-destructive measurement of calcium and potassium in apple and pear using handheld x-ray fluorescence. Front Plant Sci 7: 442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00442
Kleynen O., Leemans V., Destain, MF, 2005. Development of a multi-spectral vision system for the detection of defects on apples. J Food Eng 69 (1): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.07.008
Kurenda A, Zdunek A, Schlüter O, Herppich WB, 2014. VIS/NIR spectroscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence, biospeckle and backscattering to evaluate changes in apples subjected to hydrostatic pressures. Postharvest Biol Technol 96: 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.05.009
León-Moreno L, 2012. Usefulness of portable near infrared spectroscopy in olive breeding programs. Span J Agric Res 10 (1): 141-148. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2012101-184-11
Lotze E, 2005. Pre-harvest determination of bitter pit potential in apples. Doctoral thesis. Univ. of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Lotze E, Joubert J, Theron KI, 2008. Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious' apples. Sci Hortic 116: 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.01.006
Mehl PM, Chao K, Kim M, Chen YR, 2002. Detection of defects on selected apple cultivars using hyperspectral and multispectral image analysis. Appl Eng Agric 18: 219-226. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.7790
Nicolaï BM, Lotze E, Peirs A, Scheerlinck N, Theron KI, 2006. Non-destructive measurement of bitter pit in apple fruit using NIR hyperspectral imaging. Postharvest Biol Technol 40: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.12.006
Paz P, Sánchez MT, Pérez‐Marín D, Guerrero JE, Garrido‐Varo A, 2009. Evaluating NIR instruments for quantitative and qualitative assessment of intact apple quality. J Sci Food Agric 89 (5): 781-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3512
Prange R, Delong J, Nichols D, Harrison P, 2011. Effect of fruit maturity on the incidence of bitter pit, senescent breakdown, and other post-harvest disorders in 'Honeycrisp'TM apple. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 86 (3): 245-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2011.11512756
Sankaran S, Ehsani R, 2011. Visible-near infrared spectroscopy based citrus greening detection: Evaluation of spectral feature extraction techniques. Crop Prot 30: 1508-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.005
Saure MC, 1996. Reassessment of the role of calcium in development of bitter pit in apple. Aus J Plant Physiol 23: 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9960237
Saure MC, 2005. Calcium translocation to fleshy fruit: its mechanism and endogenous control. Sci Hortic 105: 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.10.003
Saure MC, 2014. Why calcium deficiency is not the cause of blossom-end rot in tomato and pepper fruit: a reappraisal. Sci Hortic 174: 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.05.020
Torres E. and Alegre S, 2012. Predicting bitter pit in 'golden smoothee' apples. Acta Hortic. 934: 861-864 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.934.114
Torres E, Recasens I, Peris JM, Alegre S, 2015. Induction of symptoms pre-harvest using the 'passive method': an easy way to predict bitter pit. Postharvest Biol Technol 101: 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.11.002
Torres E, Recasens I, Àvila G, Lordan J, Alegre S, 2017a. Early stage fruit analysis to detect a high risk of bitter pit in 'Golden Smoothee'. Sci Hortic 219: 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.03.003
Torres E, Recasens I, Lordan J, Alegre S, 2017b. Combination of strategies to supply calcium and reduce bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious' apples. Sci Hortic 217: 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.028
Torres E, Alegre S, Recasens I, Asín L, Lordan J, 2021. Integral procedure to predict bitter pit in 'Golden Smoothee' apples based on calcium content and symptom induction. Sci Hortic 277: 109829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109829
Travers S, Bertelsen MG, Petersen KK, Kucheryavskiy SV, 2014. Predicting pear (cv. Clara Frijs) dry matter and soluble solids content with near infrared spectroscopy. LWT - Food Sci Technol 59 (2): 1107-1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.048
Upchurch BL, Affeldt HA, Hruschka WR, Nonis KH, Throop JA, 1990. Spectrophotometric study of bruises on whole, 'Red Delicious' apples. T ASAE 33: 585-0589. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.31370
Val J, Fernández V, López P, Peiró JM, Blanco A, 2010. Low oxygen treatment prior to cold storage decreases the incidence of bitter pit in 'Golden Reinders' apples. J Sci Food Agric 90: 536-540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3837
Xing J, Bravo C, Moshou D, Ramon H, De Baerdemaeker J, 2006. Bruise detection on 'Golden Delicious' apples by VIS/NIR spectroscopy. Comp Electron Agric 52: 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2006.01.006
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
