Efectos a largo plazo de las tierras bajas del sistema Sawah en la región Ashanti de Ghana sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y el rendimiento del arroz

  • S. E. Obalum School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara
  • J. Oppong CSIR, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi
  • J. C. Nwite Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu
  • Y. Watanabe Kinki University, Nara
  • M. M. Buri Soil Research Institute, Kumasi
  • C. A. Igwe University of Nigeria, Nsukka
  • T. Wakatsuki Kinki University, Nara
Palabras clave: densidad aparente del suelo, edad del sawah, encharcamiento estacional, Oryza sativa, parcelas estancadas de sawah, rendimiento del grano de arroz, retención de humedad

Resumen

Las tierras bajas del sawah (campos de arroz encharcados y delimitados por lomos de inundación, dotados de una buena nivelación del terreno y regulación del agua) constituyen una alternativa sostenible al sistema tradicional de producción de arroz en África Occidental. El sawah ha despertado una creciente atención, pero aún no existen datos concretos sobre su impacto agronómico a largo plazo. En el año 2007, bajo un suelo arcilloso de valle interior, se llevaron a cabo unos ensayos de cultivo de arroz tanto bajo condiciones de inundación permanente como temporal, para comparar parcelas de sawah de 10 años de antigüedad (OSP) con otras de nueva implantación de sawah (FSP) y con parcelas no sometidas al sawah (NSP). Se observó un incremento de la fertilidad del suelo bajo OSP en comparación con NSP. Otras propiedades del suelo, como densidad aparente, porosidad total y contenido de agua a capacidad de campo mostraron únicamente mejoras relativas (OSP ≥ FSP> NSP), indicando los beneficios derivados del encharcamiento sólo en OSP. En NSP se obtuvieron peores resultados que en el caso de los barbechos adyacentes. En FSP, los atributos de suelos analizados presentaron diferencias significativas con el tiempo. El contenido de humedad alcanzado a la tensión 0-300 kPa expresa la importancia de la práctica de la inundación y del establecimiento de lomos en la delimitación de las parcelas. Entre 2001 y 2009, la producción de arroz en OSP fue 5 veces mayor que en NSP. Entre 2007 y 2009, cuando los tres sistemas coexistieron, la producción de grano fue 5,80, 4,80 y 1,10 Mg ha-1 en OSP, FSP y NSP, respectivamente. En 2007 la producción fue OSP menos FSP>NSP. Sin embargo, en 2008/2009 resultó al contrario. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto las ventajas agronómicas del sawah en la producción de arroz.

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Biografía del autor/a

S. E. Obalum, School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara
Research Fellow
J. Oppong, CSIR, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi
Research Fellow
J. C. Nwite, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu
Chief Lecturer
Y. Watanabe, Kinki University, Nara
Research Fellow
M. M. Buri, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi
Senior Research Fellow
C. A. Igwe, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Professor
T. Wakatsuki, Kinki University, Nara
Professor

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Publicado
2012-06-19
Cómo citar
Obalum, S. E., Oppong, J., Nwite, J. C., Watanabe, Y., Buri, M. M., Igwe, C. A., & Wakatsuki, T. (2012). Efectos a largo plazo de las tierras bajas del sistema Sawah en la región Ashanti de Ghana sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y el rendimiento del arroz. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(3), 838-848. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2012103-566-11
Sección
Water management